The effects of change of spillovers on R&D expenditures, outputs, profits, consumer surplus and social welfare are analyzed under every case.

在每种情况下，都讨论了溢出的变动对R&D支出、产量、利润、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。

youdao

Article 9 As regards an enterprise's expenditures for public welfare donations, the portion within 12% of the total annual profits is permitted to be deducted.

第九条企业发生的公益性捐赠支出，在年度利润总额12%以内的部分，准予在计算应纳税所得额时扣除。

youdao

During the Koizumi government, welfare expenditures were held down.

FORBES: Takenaka Heizo's Reform Plan

They include the requirement to pay for all future military expenditures, all future welfare benefits, all future Supreme Court Justices salaries, and the list goes on.

FORBES: Krugman's Four Dangerous Fiscal Fables

The issue is how to restore balance between fiscal revenues and expenditures, including for social welfare.

FORBES: Academic Appeal for "Small Government"